As shown in Figure 2F, a dose of 5 mg/kg/day of BAY 11-7085 given 3 times weekly for 4 wk starting at 2 wk after infection could significantly reverse GRA-mediated suppression of spleen parasite burden (70.2% reduction) and GRA-mediated increase of iNOS (71.7% reduction) (Figure 2G) and TNF-α (77.6% reduction) (Figure 2H) expression, as revealed by Real time PCR analysis, stressing further that the therapeutic effect of GRA may be attributed to the activation of NF-κB pathway in L. donovani-infected mice. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and infection.