For example, the genes required for mismatch repair pathway (e.g., MLH1 and MSH2) are often mutated or epigenetically silenced in colon cancers [39], [48], whereas defects in homologous recombination (e.g., BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations) occur in ovarian cancers [46], [47]. This evidence concerns the gene BRCA1 and ovarian carcinoma.