AR and partial androgen insensitivity syndrome: In addition, probably more patients would be diagnosed with PAIS and mutations in the AR gene if the AR promoter region and 3′UTR were evaluated, and we must also remember that the AR gene in target tissues from patients with hypospadias is more methylated than in control children, resulting in a decreased expression of the AR. This epigenetic alteration of the AR gene might be involved in the pathogenesis of hypospadias [23].