On admission, TNF-α and IL-1β levels were low in both typhus patient groups: 39/51 (76%) and 18/51 (35%) of patients with scrub typhus had detectable levels of TNF-α and IL-1β, respectively, and 23/49 (47%) and 3/49 (6%) of patients with murine typhus had detectable levels of TNF-α and IL-1β, respectively. Here, TNF is linked to typhus.