CD4 and infection: From an immunological perspective, F. Bai et al. reported that late presenters tend to be characterized by CD127 down-regulation on CD4+ T-cells and immune activation; as these patients are in an advanced stage of infection and are at higher risk of disease progression and of poor immune reconstitution, when they start antiretroviral therapy, peripheral T lymphocytes immune phenotypes could be proposed as adjunctive markers to complement CD4+ count when attempting to identify and monitor late presenters.