We identified B. terrestris homologues of the four major A. mellifera immune signalling pathways (Toll, Immune deficiency (ImD), Janus kinase and signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT), and JNK immune signalling) in BT_transcriptome_v2 contigs, and analysed these for expression differences among life cycle stages (Figure 4). This evidence concerns the gene TLR4 and hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, familial, 4.