The study demonstrated that components that were associated with health endpoints independently from PM2.5 were von Willebrand Factor [vWF], calcium (increased uric acid and decreased protein C), chromium (increased white blood cell count and interleukin 6), aldehydes (increased vWF, mean cycle length of normal R-R intervals [MCL], and heart-rate variability parameter pNN50), copper (increased blood urea nitrogen and MCL; decreased plasminogen activator inhibitor 1), and sulfur (increased ventricular ectopic beats) [8]. This evidence concerns the gene VWF and ventricular ectopy.