Despite recent setbacks in a phase II [6] and a phase III clinical trial (submitted manuscript) using GAD65 formulated with aluminium hydroxide (GAD-alum), we and others have previously shown preservation of residual insulin secretion by GAD-alum treatment, in clinical phase II trials involving recent-onset T1D children [7] and LADA patients [8]. This evidence concerns the gene INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus.