In addition to the interleukins at 1q32, there were amplified genes from other regions of the genome, such as CCL26, EGFR, IL17R, IL28A, IL29, IL2RB, IL12RB1, VEGF, XCL2, TNFSF9 and CD40. Taken together, these lines of evidence strongly suggest that the functional aberration of antiviral immunity pathways may be significantly involved in the development and progression of HCC. This evidence concerns the gene CD40 and hepatocellular carcinoma.