PPARG and cancer: Although this may contribute to the inhibitory effects of CLN on colorectal carcinogenesis, other factors such as direct action of CLN as PPARγ ligand [46,47] and acceleration of lipid peroxidation followed by apoptosis [51] should be taken into account because powerful cancer chemopreventive activity of CLN at low dose levels was observed in our colorectal carcinogenesis studies [33,46,47].