Dual blockade of Tim-3 and PD-L1-mediated signaling pathways significantly reduced inflammatory pathologies in the upper genital tract but without affecting immunity in the lower genital tract against chlamydial infection suggests that Tim-3 and PD-L1-mediated negative regulation may be manipulated to attenuate tubal pathologies in women persistently infected with C. trachomatis organisms. The gene discussed is CD274; the disease is chlamydia trachomatis infectious disease.