Insulin concentration was significantly increased in AD male (0.67 μg/ml) and female (0.72 μg/ml) groups compared to SD group (0.33 μg/ml for male, P < 0.01; 0.40 μg/ml for female, P < 0.01), and VD group (0.40 μg/ml for male, P < 0.05; 0.25 μg/ml for female, (P < 0.001) (Figure 3.A). This evidence concerns the gene INS and Alzheimer disease.