To minimize side effects of each drug on non-preferred βAR subtypes and to further enhance the specificity of our pharmacological approach, we used agonists that prefers one type of receptor (in 10 μM concentration) in combination with antagonists for the other two receptor types (in 100 μM concentration), thereby allowing to more selectively investigate the role of each type of receptor in CDI modulation. The gene discussed is ADRB2; the disease is clostridium difficile infection.