Referenced against the sub-cohort, characteristics of the case group included older age, less frequent smoking history, more frequent benign prostatic hypertrophy history, more frequently elevated Wave 1 PSA (27.1% vs. 5.5% PSA ≥ 4 ng/mL), and more frequently positive Wave 1 prostate cancer screening (43.8% vs. 16.9% DRE or PSA positive). This evidence concerns the gene PROS1 and benign prostatic hyperplasia.