In perhaps the most meaningful sub-group, men not eligible for prostate biopsy at Wave 1 (DRE not positive and PSA < 4.0 ng/mL), analyses supplied no evidence of association between seropositivity and prostate cancer risk (age-adjusted HR: 1.02, 95% CI 0.44-2.39). This evidence concerns the gene KLK3 and Familial prostate cancer.