INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: While studies in both rodents and humans indicate a role for insulin signaling proteins in the modulation of islet secretion and function, and growth factor inhibitors have been suggested to play a role during differentiation of embryonic stem cells, evidence for a potential link between altered growth factor signaling and β-cell regeneration in the context of type 2 diabetes is not fully understood [9], [13], [19], [33], [34].