Highlighting the marked similarity of cellular location, expression and potential neuro-toxicity of both MSRV and ERVWE1 in MS patients throughout a range of different studies in different research units, and demonstrating that, in astrocytes, the ERVWE1 promoter is activated and inhibited by the same cytokines, and interferon-β, as shown earlier with MSRV, they concluded that both MSRV and ERVWE1 are likely to be activated in vivo in MS patients. Here, ERVW-1 is linked to myeloid sarcoma.