ICAM1 and infection: In mice, ICAM-1 has been shown to be upregulated by PbA infection [68]–[69], and ICAM-1 deficiency resulted in an improved survival from experimental CM, which was associated with abolition of blood-brain barrier breakdown, and a reduction in the accumulation of macrophages in the brain and PbA-PEs in the lung microvessels [70].