CSF2 and neoplasm: Although a number of other TDF have been linked to diverse elements of MDSC biology, namely VEGF, GM-CSF, IL-1β, IL-6, PGE2, IFN-γ, SCF or IL-17 [1], [3], [5], [15], [44], none have been rigorously tested to explain the connection between granulocytic MDSC response and tumor growth.