TLR4 and infection: We set up the following criteria: 1) high sensitivity to allow visualization of subtle differences in virulence – this required that we avoid Toll pathway mutant flies; 2) simple infection strategy – we opted to use a standard injection system with well-established protocols to introduce reproducible quantities of fungal cells into individual flies; and 3) clear and unambiguous read-out – the virulence assessment should be simple, quick, and require no specialized training in Drosophila genetics.