IL4 and placental insufficiency: None of the other cytokines, except for IL-23 (Figure 3), and none of the other ratios, except for IL-23/IL-4 were significantly different; IL-23 levels were significantly higher in normal pregnancy (479 pg/mL ± 15) versus IUGR with placental insufficiency (350 pg/mL ± 24) (P < 0.0001) and the IL-23/IL-4 ratio was also higher in normal pregnancy (P < 0.01).