TGFB1 and cancer: While type I interferons, heat shock proteins, and extracellular matrix degradation products may induce DC activation in cancer tissues, immune-suppressive cytokines (IL-10/TGF-β) inhibit DC activation, and in PC the latter are produced at high concentrations by cancer-induced pancreatic stellate cells, cancer-infiltrating macrophages and mast cells [32], or Tregs [33].