In epithelial cells, LMP-1-induced activation of NF-κB interferes with TGF-β-induced activation of Smad-responsive reporter constructs [51] while in epithelial carcinoma cells and Hodgkin lymphoma cell lines EBNA-1, the viral gene responsible for maintenance and replication of viral episomal DNA, modulates TGF-β signalling by reducing Smad2 levels through enhanced protein turnover [52, 53]. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and carcinoma.