Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 mRNA levels were upregulated from the less invasive tumour stages and onwards (Figure 1C), whereas miR-143 and -145 were among the most downregulated miRNAs in bladder tumours compared with normal urothelium (Dyrskjot et al, 2009), and expressed only at background levels in all stages of bladder cancer (Figures 1 D and E). This evidence concerns the gene SERPINE1 and neoplasm.