TNF and infection: Figure 5C shows that SGG induced inflammatory cytokine gene expression, such as Tnfα and Il6. Moreover, SGG induced the expression of Il17a genes but suppressed Ifnγ and Il10 expression. These data were in agreement with the expression of the relative Th cell specific transcription factors in the TLN (data not shown). Of interest, SGG appeared to reduce neutrophil infiltrates in the lung during infection, as also seen by the reduced Mpo expression (Fig. 5C). These data suggest that SGG inhibit host defence against A. fumigatus.