LCN2 and acute kidney injury: A recent prospective cohort study of 632 adult ICU patients demonstrated that the likelihood ratio for AKI (RIFLE Failure) was 1.71 for NGAL, and that elevated NGAL alone conferred an ROC area under curve of 0.77 for RIFLE Failure but when included in a 'most efficient clinical model' NGAL improved the ROC area under curve for RIFLE Failure to 0.96 [42].