AKT1 and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Moreover, several essential signalling pathways, which are activated in HNSCC, including Stat3/NF-κ (Lee et al, 2008), PI3K/Akt (Sutherland et al, 2005; Astanehe et al, 2009), and Mek/Erk, are known to target YB-1 (Coles et al, 2005).