While several studies suggest that EPO may stimulate NF-κB binding, we and others have provided evidence that EPO inhibits NF-κB activation; EPO has been reported to sensitize renal carcinoma and myelomonocytic cells to damage by chemotherapeutics due to its ability to interfere with NF-κB activation [24]. This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and renal carcinoma.