MTOR and cancer: A variety of chemical or physical treatments, including rapamycin (mTOR inhibitor) [132–134], arsenic trioxide [135], ceramide [136], temozolomide [137, 138], dopamine [139], endostatin [140], the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors butyrate and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid [141], neodymium oxide [142], and resveratrol [143], have been reported to induce autophagy in vitro and in vivo in certain cancer cells.