These results strongly suggest that rhIL-11 and DDAVP raise plasma VWF levels by different mechanisms, and that rhIL-11, like DDAVP, could be an alternative to plasma-derived products for some VWD or hemophilia A patients who are unresponsive to DDAVP or in whom DDAVP is contraindicated [50]. This evidence concerns the gene VWF and hemophilia A.