Analysis of culture supernatants of A431 epithelial monolayers 24 h post-infection with C. albicans SC5314 demonstrated that of the nine cytokines and chemokines assessed (IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8, G-CSF, GM-CSF, TNFα, MCP-1 (CCL2), MIP-1α (CCL3) and MIP-3α (CCL20)), only three were significantly induced by C. albicans: IL-1α, IL-8 and GM-CSF, with IL-6 induced in very low amounts, although still showing a 4-fold increase over resting cells (Fig. 3A). Here, TNF is linked to infection.