BRCA1 and breast carcinoma: In North America, Europe, Israel and Australia, women considered to be at high-risk due to a significant family history of breast cancer may undergo molecular testing for mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2. Genetic screening provides the opportunity for unaffected women who are identified as a carrier of a deleterious mutation to consider various risk-reducing options (e.g., prophylactic mastectomy and/or oophorectomy, tamoxifen) [9], intensive screening/surveillance (e.g., annual MRI, mammography) [10], and for women with cancer, the opportunity for individualized cancer therapy [8].