In an attempt to offer the benefits of MVAC whilst reducing toxicity, especially neutropenic sepsis, Sternberg et al. [7] undertook a multicentre study of 263 patients with metastatic or advanced urothelial tumours who had not previously received systemic chemotherapy and randomised them to receive traditional MVAC or high-dose-intensity MVAC plus granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (HD-MVAC + GCSF). Here, CSF3 is linked to Sepsis.