Studies of mRNA and protein expression of ANPEP in malignancy are conflicting, with some suggesting an overexpression as an indicator of cancer presence (Razvi et al, 2007) and a role for ANPEP in invasion and metastasis (Ishii et al, 2001) whereas others propose that reduced expression is associated with cancer (Bogenrieder et al, 1997; Wiese et al, 2007). The gene discussed is ANPEP; the disease is cancer.