MAPK9 and neurodegenerative disease: Indeed, while GVDs are often assumed to be a pathological entity associated with AD, they have been described within the hippocampus in a number of neurodegenerative diseases; in a preceding investigation, other GVD markers including CK1 delta [17] and p-SAPK/JNK [41] also confirmed the presence of GVDs in the brains of patients with non-AD neurodegenerative disorders.