Moreover, Dkk-3 was found downregulated in vivo in prostate epithelium of patients suffering from the age-related prostatic conditions benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa), with this downregulation counterbalanced by increased Dkk-3 protein expression in the endothelial cells of the tumor neovasculature [13]. Here, DKK3 is linked to benign prostatic hyperplasia.