TNF and acute myeloid leukemia: In addition PEP005 has direct T cell effects in AML derived cells resulting in: (i) increased proliferative T cell responses in cells from patients with untreated disease and patients with severe chemotherapy-induced panleukopenia, including severe T lymphopenia [3,71]; and (ii) increased release of several cytokines by activated T cells, including IFNγ, GM-CSF, IL-2, IL-10, IL-13 and TNF-α, in cells from AML patients with chemotherapy-induced cytopenia (72).