TNF and ischemia: These data are in agreement with previous in vitro findings [37], [38] that C3a and C5a enhanced the release of IL-6 and TNF-α in a dose-dependent and PGE2-independent manner and that C5aR antagonist treatment after partial hepatic ischemia and reperfusion significantly decreased serum and tissue TNF-α level and attenuated liver histopathology [39].