VGF and cancer: The remaining nine genes we studied has been found to be methylated in other cancer types, but not yet tested in TGCT; these genes include AIM1, PGP9.5, S100A2, ER-α, ER-β, MCAM, VGF, FKBP4 and SSBP2. Among the later genes, four genes (MCAM, VGF, FKBP4 and SSBP2) were recently discovered by our group, using a pharmacological unmasking strategy in other cancer types (Hoque et al, 2008).