Glial activation is also involved in the pathogenesis of LPS-induced memory impairment; therefore, to understand the effects of betaine on these cells, LPS-induced increases in mRNA expression levels for CD11b and CD45, which are microglial markers, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a marker of astrocytes, were investigated. Here, GFAP is linked to memory impairment.