ATF3 and cancer: Importantly, our study revealed that stress-induced ATF3 and cancer-associated ATF3 have opposing effects on p53 and Wnt pathways: p53 pathway is activated in stress response (Fig. S5) consistent with the function of ATF3 in p53-mediated cell death [6], [23]–[25], whereas Wnt pathway is activated in cancer as previously reported in a study on ATF3 transgenic mice developing mammary tumours [43].