We have analysed TP53 mutations in exons 5 to 8, presence of high risk types of HPV, and Immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of two markers associated with inflammation damage (NTyR, a direct marker of protein damage by nitric oxide over expressed in ESCC linked with inflammation, [23,24] and inflammatory response (Cox-2, which is often elevated in ESCC from various high-incidence areas, [25]). The gene discussed is TP53; the disease is esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.