NFE2L2 and lung carcinoma: Recent studies determined that permanent or constitutive NRF2 activation in human primary lung cancer cells and lung cancer cell lines (e.g., A549, H460) with KEAP1 and/or NRF2 somatic mutations was associated with enhanced chemoresistance and radioresistance, and siRNA inhibition of NRF2 restored the chemosensitivity of these cells [15], [25], [28], [31].