Genes involved in cellular growth and proliferation were modulated significantly by urethane regardless of the times (12 and 22 wk) and tissues (UN, tumors) during carcinogenesis, while genes associated with cancer (e.g., Bcl6, Peg3), cellular movement (e.g., Prdx1, Cadm1), neurological disease (e.g., Cxcl1. Aff2), and inflammatory response (e.g., Itga4, Pla2g7) were significantly changed in all the tissue types after tumor development at 22 wk (Figure 5A, lower panel). This evidence concerns the gene AFF2 and cancer.