AKT1 and prostate carcinoma: For example, the overexpression of Cas activates growth and survival signaling pathways via phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt, ERK1/2, epidermal growth factor receptor, Rac, or Src, conferring doxorubicin or tamoxifen resistance [11]; activation and aberrant expression of Cas correlates with tumor progression and metastasis; and overexpression is associated with poor prognosis and resistance to primary chemotherapeutic treatment in breast, lung, and prostate cancer, as well as glioblastoma and melanoma.