Figure 4 illustrates the comparison of the results of microarray analysis and real-time PCR quantifications over both time points. Real-time PCR confirmed the direction of changes in gene expression levels determined by microarray analysis and verified that most changes in cellular gene expression already occurred at the 1 h time point. In particular, upregulation of genes known to play an important role in Ebola hemorrhagic fever (CXCL-1, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α [6], [11]) was verified, although some variation was seen among donors. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is Ebola hemorrhagic fever.