Importantly, this set includes genes whose elevated expression was previously associated with human Ebola virus disease, such as the genes encoding CXCL1, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α [6], [11], as well as genes previously unknown to play a role in Ebola virus disease, such as those encoding CCL-20, COX-2, IL-15 receptor α, phosphodiesterase 4B, and t-Pa. Here, TNF is linked to Ebola hemorrhagic fever.