This was due to the binding of a larger fraction of haptoglobin (average 50%, range 20–80%) to galectin-1 (Fig. 4D, X-axis) for most cancer sera that had insignificant change of the total haptoglobin level (Fig. 4B, Y-axis), whereas for a few cancer sera, there was an increase in total haptoglobin level, but about the same fraction bound to galectin-1 as in control sera (average 30%, range 25–50%). This evidence concerns the gene HP and cancer.