TGFB1 and fetal growth restriction: Taken together, the data presented here suggest that IUGR affects lung development and lung function by at least two functional consequences: 1) IUGR attenuates TGF-β signaling after IUGR which leads to a dysregulated expression of ECM and ECM-remodeling components, and 2) IUGR decreases apoptosis in the lung.