ATG5 and cancer: Because autophagy has been reported sometimes to precede mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in cancer cells treated with a cytotoxic agent [33], we compared the effect of NRC-03 and NRC-07 on wild-type and autophagy-related gene 5 (ATG5)-deficient mouse embryo fibroblasts that are refractory to autophagy-like cell death [26].