Similar to human hepatoma cells, the expression of wPD-L1 was upregulated by TLR3 (14.9-fold) and TLR4 (4.3-fold) ligands, woodchuck IFN-α (4.3-fold) and -γ (4.6-fold) in PWHs (Fig. 3A, Table S3). Here, IFNA1 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.