To supplement these findings, we report evidence of activation and enhanced expression of the signaling molecule phospho-p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) in the blood mononuclear cells during naturally-occurring pH1N1 infection in addition to seasonal influenza infection; p38 MAPK has been implicated in the signaling process of the cytokine response in influenza [15]. This evidence concerns the gene MAPK14 and influenza.