We have previously shown that HLA-A*02 and C*08 are each associated with both a reduced risk of HAM/TSP and a reduced proviral load in ACs and that HLA-B*54 is associated with an increased prevalence of HAM/TSP and an increased proviral load in HAM/TSP patients [13]–[14]. The gene discussed is HLA-B; the disease is tropical spastic paraparesis.